Rails apps store the user id in a signed, encrypted cookie. For real seriously: There's a large degree to which "statefulness" is just what we call it when two communicating agents can contextualize messages in a conversation. @nocomprende FYI, I will be making an addendum to this later. These applications are stateless as they do not keep and store information about users or user activity after a user has left a site. It's. A stateless app is an application program that does not save client data generated in one session for use in the next session with that client. For an example take a look at JWT. Software Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals, academics, and students working within the systems development life cycle. That's not its job. And a session, traditionally understood, is just what we typically call the mechanism by which this occurs. Statefulness on the client makes web apps feel and behave more like traditional desktop apps. No. An example of state related to authentication would be if your application has an idea of a “session”. On a Kubernetes cluster, a stateless application has no persistent storage or volume associated with it. Can the Heat Metal spell target a set of Dragon Scale Mail made from metallic dragon scales? With SPAs, state information is loaded into the client browser and maintained there. A Stateless application or process is something that does not save or reference information about previous operations. In some cases it's very good. So you will need a persistent database as a fallback. For users mostly cookies for technical clients mostly tokens are used. Stateless applications provide one service or function and use content delivery network (CDN), web, or print servers to process these short-term requests. Either you have a session, or you're in denial! But I doubt I have ever seen someone actually do that, because it doesn't allow the user to use multiple browser tabs and doesn't preserve state when they accidentally close the tab. either you move it off the webserver to its own high availablity system or get rid of it all together by moving it to the client. So I'm trying to understand, how can web applications be stateless when there is data that is being kept for my session (such as items in a shopping cart)? How does this work when Yes, exactly. It's the latter that is often argued to be stateless not the former. In this case, the server saves that update to a persistent data store like a database, and relays whatever information back to the client that it needs to synchronize with the server based on the update (e.g. If the web server crashes, my identity doesn't go with it. A stateless process or application can be understood in isolation. I'd argue that, regardless of whether you use tokens or "sessions," for each request your server handles, you either need to contextualize that request to fulfill it, or you don't. Moving the storage to a database or shared cache doesn't solve the problem as you still have a bottleneck. This allows you to restart, scale, shutdown instances at will. But from that it doesn’t necessarily follow that applications using the protocol should be stateless. This is how being stateless is meant to increase scalability: you can scale the database cluster and the number of webservers independently. That way, when it starts running, it stays running. If you visit a website and submit a login form correctly your status is recorded on the server as “logged in”. Adding "statefulness" to HTTP requires that you explicitly identify, store, and retrieve "state" for each "stateful" request. And that takes effort, decreases performance, and adds complexity. Generally, tokens are not used to store information like cart items. If you have a specific, answerable question about how to use Kubernetes, ask it on And, after they make their purchase, @nocomprende: I think njzk2's general gist is that the contents of your cart, like your full name, is data that a webapp persists on the server side. Why isn't my sorting system picking up eggs? Twitter is a good example of this case, where you can review anything loaded client side in your Twitter feed even if you are disconnected from the Twitter server app. Or you can store the shopping cart in the cookie, provided it's small enough. When you load a page, the web app fetches your state, user, and shopping cart from a database. Is there need for messengers in DnD 5e, if spell Sending exists? A better approach is to use Tokens, which are stateless because nothing is stored on the server. A better approach is to use Tokens. A typical use case for such a solution might be a news site where most users (new consumers) consume information but do not produce information that goes back to the site. When we discuss something, each verbal statement we make instantly dies away into oblivion. For example, put the basket items in a cookie or more advanced client-side storage. Is there a way to share a tight staircase/steps with pedestrians? Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Stateless Applications. A stateless communication has several benefits especially regarding scalability and availability. Sure, there are workarounds like using localstorage, but then you do have state again, just on the client instead of on the server. Are these actually being stored in a database Well, that's it. OK, the rule you quote is technically incorrect. Open an issue in the GitHub repo if you want to What's the difference between stateful and stateless? tokens or cookies (or both)? But, saying that a whole application should be stateless is complete nonsense. The server isn't maintaining state between requests. If a state is stored on client side doesn't matter. Can the Jacquard loom be considered stateless? On the server, a stateful app saves state information about current users. Love your first line of explanation. Something like a shopping cart will either be stored in a "traditional" session, or it'll be stored as a Cart object, with some kind of ID that the server uses to pull it into subsequent requests. "web applications should be stateless" should be understood as "web applications should be stateless unless there is a very good reason to have state".A "shopping cart" is a stateful feature by design, and denying that is quite counter-productive. Applications work with data. If you have per user info on the server, even if its distributed you still have a scalability problem. Do they use tokens or cookies (or both)? Stateful server apps also have the challenge of protecting user sessions against unexpected service interruptions, e.g. Don't get me wrong, that doesn't mean you should implement a shopping cart stateless to any price.

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